The Current Status and Future Direction of Extracellular Nano-vesicles in the Alleviation of Skin Disorders.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that originate from endocytic membranes. The transfer of biomolecules and biological compounds such as enzymes, proteins, RNA, lipids, and cellular waste disposal through exosomes plays an essential function in cell-cell communication and regulation of pathological and physiological processes in skin disease. The skin is one of the vital organs that makes up about 8% of the total body mass. This organ consists of three layers, epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis that cover the outer surface of the body. Heterogeneity and endogeneity of exosomes is an advantage that distinguishes them from nanoparticles and liposomes and leads to their widespread usage in the remedy of dermal diseases. The biocompatible nature of these extracellular vesicles has attracted the attention of many health researchers. In this review article, we will first discuss the biogenesis of exosomes, their contents, separation methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of exosomes. Then we will highlight recent developments related to the therapeutic applications of exosomes in the treatment of common skin disorders like atopic dermatitis, alopecia, epidermolysis bullosa, keloid, melanoma, psoriasis, and systemic sclerosis.

Pathogenesis of Common Ocular Diseases: Emerging Trends in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling.

The prevalence of visual impairments in human societies is worrying due to retinopathy complications of several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and many more that are on the rise worldwide. Since the proper function of this organ plays a pivotal role in people's quality of life, identifying factors affecting the development/exacerbation of ocular diseases is of particular interest among ophthalmology researchers. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a reticular, three-dimensional (3D) structure that determines the shape and dimensions of tissues in the body. The ECM remodeling/hemostasis is a critical process in both physiological and pathological conditions. It consists of ECM deposition, degradation, and decrease/increase in the ECM components. However, disregulation of this process and an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of ECM components are associated with many pathological situations, including ocular disorders. Despite the impact of ECM alterations on the development of ocular diseases, there is not much research conducted in this regard. Therefore, a better understanding in this regard, can pave the way toward discovering plausible strategies to either prevent or treat eye disorders. In this review, we will discuss the importance of ECM changes as a sentimental factor in various ocular diseases based on the research done up to now.

In silico enhancement of the stability and activity of keratinocyte growth factor.

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, has been implicated in some biological processes such as cell proliferation, development and differentiation. High mitogenic activity of this protein has made it very suitable for repairing radiation-and chemotherapy-induced damages. Palifermin, which has been developed from human KGF, is clinically applied to reduce the incidence and duration of cancer therapeutic agents. However, the activity of Palifermin is limited during treatment due to its poor stability. In this study, we have improved the stability and activity of recombinant human KGF (Palifermin) using a computational mutagenesis approach. According to the KGF multiple sequence alignment among different species as well as literature-based information, we have generated several mutations using PyMOL program and evaluated their effects on the stability and activity of KGF in silico. In order to preserve the KGF activity, we did not change the predicted functional residues. Prior to mutagenesis, the 3D structure of rhKGF was predicted by Modeller v9.15 program and quantitative evaluation of predicted models were carried out using VADAR and PROSESS servers. The stability and activity of rhKGF mutants were analyzed using GROMACS molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and docking tools, respectively. The results showed that N159S (N105S in rhKGF sequence) and I172V (I118V in rhKGF) substitutions caused an increased stability and affinity of the rhKGF to Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). We will evaluate the effects of favorable mutations on the rhKGF stability and activity in vitro.